The authors propose a hypernym relation classification method based on word pattern, which can effectively alleviate the sparsity problem suffered by the traditional path-based method. Furthermore, this paper makes an effective combination of the path-based method and the distributional method via word pattern embedding. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the authors manually annotated a Chinese hypernym dataset containing 12000 word pairs. The experimental results show that the proposed word pattern embedding approach is effective and can achieve an F1 score of 95.36%.

The authors propose a translation similarity model based on bilingual compositional semantics to integrate the bilingual semantic similarity feature into decoding process to improve translation quality. In the proposed model, monolingual compositional vectors for phrases are obtained at the source and target side respectively using distributional approach. These monolingual vectors are then projected onto the same semantic space and therefore transformed into bilingual compositional vectors. Base on this semantic space, translation similarity between source phrases and their corresponding target phrases is calculated. The similarities are integrated into the decoder as a new feature. Experiments on Chinese-to-English NIST06 and NIST08 test sets show that the proposed model significantly outperforms the baseline by 0.56 and 0.42 BLEU points respectively.

Bioconversion of lignocellulosic raw materials into ethanol has aroused extensive attention in recent years. High ethanol yields are dependent on co-fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. However the traditional ethanologenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been found to be unable to ferment xylose and also unable to utilize this pentose sugar for growth. Hence attempts have been made to construct various recombinant yeasts to improve the ability of xylose fermentation. In this article, progress in development of xylose-fermenting recombinant S. cerevisiae strains is reviewed, including naturally occurring xylose-fermenting microorganisms, xylose metabolic pathway, metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae, protoplast fusion and genome shuffling. Problems existing in current researches and prospects are also discussed.

The authors analyze the characteristics of the quantity and development of plant litter in Shenzhen, the correlation of standing stocks of different green-space type with the coverage of arboreal, shrub and herb, the edge disturbance, the frequency of treatment and the distance from the nearest road. Sanitation Department and Green Office are investigated to analyze the litter management and treatments. The results show that the highest quantity and best development of litter is found in the urban green-space type of natural forest, the productive green space and road greenbelt are in the next place; the worst is the roadside trees. Multiple correlation analysis show that the standing stocks of existing litter is highly related with the frequency of treatment and the coverage of shrub. Multiple Linear Regression Models including all influencing factors of different green-space types can explain 40.6%-93.3% of the variation in standing stocks. Green spaces in Shenzhen are arranged by the human-impact level on their litter from the worst to best as: roadside trees; the village green space, unit attached green space, park green space and community green space; the productive forest and road greenbelt; the natural forest.

By the trace of 137Cs and soil granularity analysis, the relationship between land-use and soil wind erosion was investigated in Bashang of Hebei Province. The results indicate that the land use types with erosion intensity, from the higher to the lower, are sandy hilly grassland > cultivated land > grassland converted from cultivated land > artificial forest > gravel hill grassland. Hence, to recover the vegetation, the gravel hilly grassland in this region should be reserved and the original vegetation in it should be protected.

The change of urban passenger transport energy consumption is influenced by many factors, such as urbanization rate, resident travel behaviors etc. To better understand the dominant factors that influence the energy consumption, it is important to analyze the driving force quantitatively. Here, a new decomposition model based on LMDI method is developed to analyze China's passenger transport energy in mega-cities. Empirical analysis of the model is applied to Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The results show that most factors lead to the growth of urban passenger transport energy consumption in various degrees.

The authors discuss how to establish a system to administrate the science-technology research results and make it useful and helpful to facilitate the application of science-technology research results, which is in harmony with market economy. The authors also discuss how people can put into practice the pattern of administrating the science-technology research results adopted by U.S. universities and how to administrate the technology transfer in the market economy. In addition, the authors discuss the technology transfer from the perspectives of the evaluation, registration and secrecy of the science-technology research results, the application of the patent, and the protection of intelligence property.

At present, the calculation of the Modern Catchment Geomorphic Evolution (MCGE) issues is mainly solved by systems' integration, which results in function redundancy, lower efficiency and more difficult modification. The method to resolve the MCGE issues based on WebService is proposed. The design of the Modern Catchment Geomorphic Evolution Model Service(MCGEMS), and integration between MCGEMS and WCS are given. Within .NET interface, the MCGEMS and integration with WCS are implemented respectively. This method resolves the problems resulting from systems integration, improves the MCGEM reuse capability and simplifies the procedure of integration.

Ontology is defined as an explicit formal specification of a shared conceptualization. It can provide semantic meaning through relations between concepts. As a fine model for presenting hierarchy and semantic meaning of concepts, Ontology is widely concerned and extensively applied to many fields in computer science and technology. With regard to little research on ontology in China, The state of the art of ontology is surveyed in this paper. This work first analyzes connotation and methodology of ontology, and then analyzes its applications in information system in details. The paper ends with a short conclusion and future work.

Based on the methodology guidelines of IPCC, a city-scale methane emission inventory for Beijing in 1999 was established. The statistical data were derived from newly intensive survey and updated emission factors were referenced. Results showed that the total methane emissions were 296.29 Gg. The main sources were municipal solid waste and fossil fuel, which produced 161.60 Gg and 96.08 Gg of methane emissions, accounting for 54.6% and 32.4% of total emissions respectively. The spatial distributions of methane emission source strengths were also obtained.

Five compounds were separated from the herb plant Skimmia laureola ssp. multinervia collected from Yunnan Province of China. They were identified as O-methyllaureolol(I), taraxerone(II), (-)-evoxine(III), kokusaginine(IV) and haplopine(V) by UV, IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR, in which compound I is a new compound.

The parasite of Rhododendron delavayi Franch, collected from Yunnan Province, was extracted by organic solvents with different polarity. After chromatography and purification six crystallines were isolated from this plant for the first time. On the bases of physical and chemical properties and spectral analyses five of them were identified as nonacosane(A), succinic acid(C), quercetin(D), quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside(E), and quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside(F) separately, crystalline B, identified by GC/MS, is a mixture composed of campesterol(Ⅰ), brassicasterol(Ⅱ), stigemasterol(Ⅲ) and γ -sitosterol(Ⅳ).

The leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense W.W. Smith collected from Yunnan Province were extracted by organic solvents with different polarity. After chromatography for many times and purification, six compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. On the basis of determination of physical and chemical properties and spectral analyses they were identified as 11 α-hydroxy-α-amyrin(Ⅰ), β-sitosterol(Ⅱ), quercetin(Ⅲ),quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside(Ⅳ), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside(Ⅴ), quercetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside(Ⅵ). The pharmacological verification of crude flavonoids was made preliminarily on mice, the results showed it has central inhibition.

The basin between orogenic belt and craton is called foreland basin. However, in a sense it has been expanded in the last few years because of development of the intracontinental orogenic theory. The authors suggest that the basin which is located at the front of the intracontinental orogenic belt may also be called foreland basin or intracontinental foreland basin because it can be analogic with the typical foreland basin. The thrusting of the orogenic belt onto the foreland area is an indicator of the tectonic response to lithosphere in foothill, and therefore, the subsidence(foreland basin) and the nearby uplift(Mountain) are formed. Besides common features, each foreland basin has some local features differing from the influence of the basement character, tectonic setting, thrusting of orogenic belt, growing rate of denudation and sedimentation, and open extent of the basin. The newestapproach of the study is the balanced relationship in foreland basin reflectedby the tectonic regime and sedimentation between thrusting of the orogenic belt and the foreland basin, shown by the curve of the corrected tectonic stripping, time step and rate of sedimentation. The Kuche intracontinental foreland basin, located at southern foothill of south Tianshan is a typical closed system for this type of tectonsedimentary tary processes The studyno the Kuche intracontinental foreland basin using the methods mentioned above shows that corrected curves of the tectonic stripping can describe the thrusting and subsidence accurately. Those results of the study could be valuable for evaluation of the oilbearing reservoir and structural trap based on the regional geological evidences in the Kuche intracontinental foreland basin.

Volatile constituents of components A and B aquired from Skimmia laureola ssp. multinervia by extraction with petroleum ether was investigated by GC/MS method. GC/IR technique was applied for A as a complementary means. Eighteen compounds were identified such as neophytadiene, methyl laurate etc.